Public art is any art that serves a public function, meaning it is visible to the general public, often in a park, square, or street. It is most commonly made in response to the place and community in which it will reside, and it usually cannot be moved to a different location, as works of studio art or those displayed in museums may be. Public art is also associated with a particular level of scrutiny, due to its use of public money, often through urban or regional percent-for-art ordinances. This can create a level of accountability that artists may not encounter as much when they are creating work for private display or sale.
Some artists specialize in creating public artwork, sometimes by choice and other times through commission. Some of the world’s most famous artists, such as Roy Lichtenstein and Gustav Vigeland, have dedicated a large portion of their careers to this type of work. Graffiti and street art are also examples of public artwork, though these projects are typically temporary.
The process of designing, funding and creating a public artwork can take years. It often involves many people and organizations, including the artist, architects, designers, engineers, landscapers, city officials, residents, and other stakeholders. A project can be as simple as an outdoor painting or as complex as a statue or memorial.
Permanent public artworks are designed to stay in position for long periods of time – sometimes centuries. Some of the most iconic public works are sculptures, including the Eiffel Tower and the Statue of Liberty. Other examples of permanent public art include murals and environmental sculpture.
Unlike permanent public art, temporary public art is designed to have a very short lifespan and can be as simple as chalk drawings or a performance. More elaborate examples include installation and projections, which are often digital in nature. Nick Selenitsch’s Linemarking series of 2009-2012, for example, involved drawing several lines in different locations around Frankston. These works were then filmed and photographed before being erased.
Many communities utilize public art to improve the appearance of their streets, parks, and other areas, as well as to promote economic development and attract tourists. Cities like Fort Smith have used public art to boost tourism and revitalize their downtown districts.
A public art program can be as small or large as the city’s budget allows, and it can cover a broad range of artistic styles. It can even incorporate functional elements such as benches, trash containers, or retaining walls. Some examples of public art include environmental sculpture, banners, mosaics, and creative landscaping. The most important consideration is that the artwork be accessible to the public and easily recognized by visitors. Other factors can include security and the cost of maintenance. In addition, the surrounding area should be comfortable for viewers to relax and enjoy the artwork. Lastly, the artwork should be safe and encourage interaction, and it should not promote violence or drugs.